Breaking the language barrier | Tim Doner | TEDxTeen 2014

Using ICT in the English classroom

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Using ICT in the English classroom

There is no doubt that almost everything we do nowadays is somehow connected with technology. Without technology, life would be more difficult than it already is, knowledge would be limited and more difficult to achieve. The incorporation of ICTat schools has changed the education a lot. Computers represent an inexhaustible source of material for teachers and pupils.

Teachers, for example, can find all kind of valuable, beautiful and incredible material (flashcards, crosswords, pictures, bingos …) if they surf the Internet. This can help them to prepare the lessons better and to save time to devote to doing other things.

Our pupils like working with ICT, because it is very motivating and enjoyable; we all know computers are a very useful support for teaching the curriculum, and the students also perceive this idea.

In my opinion, those teachers involved in the innovative practices in both primary and secondary schools can see how their classroom practice had become less didactic and their role within the classroom had become more that of a guide or facilitator, able to offer one-to-one support to individual students as required, achieving so a  number of positive impacts on the students.

So,  not only students but also most of the teachers have a positive attitude about ICT. The students perceive ICT as an interesting and motivating learning environment because interacting through blogs helps with the critical thinking and peer feedback facets of their writing projects. We also find that social interaction helps students improve their writing skills, such as:

• Improvements in the  students’ motivation.
• Students’ presentation of work also improves, as a result of using ICT
• Their ability to work independently also increases, as well as their ability to organise their own work (i.e. prioritise) .
• Their Social skills,  self-esteem, self-discipline and confidence  in communicating with others outside their school and family circles  enhance too.
• ICT improve group working and cooperative skillsndance at school
• They also increase  responsibility for their own learning, changing interactions within the classroom and  involving others outside the physical classroom in learning/social activities.

In conclusion, we can see that integrating ICT into the curriculum means more than teaching basic computer skills and using software programs. It must support the main key components of learning, that is:  active engagement,  participation in groups,  frequent interaction and feedback, and connection to real-world.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ADVANCED VOCABULARY

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ADVANCED VOCABULARY

Bernoulli's principle.
A law that states that, for a fluid that is flowing steadily, its pressure is low when its velocity is high and its pressure is high when its velocity is low.

Biogeochemical cycle.
The cycling of matter within the biosphere (e.g., the water cycle).

Biome.
An area with a characteristic geographic and climatic pattern that supports characteristic animal and plant populations (e.g., boreal forest).

Biosphere.
The portion of the planet that supports life and the living organisms within it.

Buoyant force.
The upward force on objects submerged in fluids. For some objects it can be sufficient to overcome completely the force of gravity and cause the object to float.

Cam and cam follower.
A mechanism that changes rotary (circular) motion into linear motion (motion in a straight line).

Capacity.
The greatest amount that a container can hold. Capacity is usually measured in litres or millilitres.

Chemical change.
A process in which new substances with new properties are formed.

Classification (or biological) key.
A list of alternatives (e.g., backbone or no backbone) used by scientists as an aid in identifying an unknown plant or animal. (There are other kinds of classification keys but this is the most common.)

Community.
A group of all the interdependent plant and animal species found in a habitat.

Concept map.
A diagram that shows various relationships among concepts. A concept map can also contain references to events, objects, laws, themes, classroom activities, or other items related to the concepts.

Concrete materials.
Objects and materials that can be handled. Students make use of these in their explorations and investigations.

Conductivity.
The ability of a substance to transmit electricity or heat.

Conductor.
A substance that can transmit electricity or heat.

Conservation of energy.
The principle that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only be changed from one form into another.

Cumulonimbus cloud.
A principal cloud type, exceptionally dense and vertically developed, occurring either as isolated clouds or as a line or wall of clouds with separated upper portions.

Data.
Facts or information.

Database.
An organized or sorted list of facts or information, usually generated by a computer.

Decomposer.
An organism that breaks down dead organic matter.

Density.
The mass per unit volume of a substance (density = mass ÷ volume).

Diffusion.
The net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration of molecules to an area of lower concentration of molecules.

Displacement.
The amount of fluid displaced by an object that is put into the fluid.

Dissolve.
Mix a solute completely with a solvent to form a solution.

Ecological niche.
The pattern of relationships between a species and all the living and non-living things within its habitat.

Ecology.
The study of all the interactions that occur within the biosphere.

Ecosystem.
A group of living organisms that, along with their abiotic environment, form a self-regulating system through which energy and materials are transferred.

Efficiency.
The comparison of the useful work or energy provided by a machine or system with the actual work or energy supplied to the machine or system. Efficiency is usually stated as a percentage.

Effort.
The force supplied to a machine in order to produce an action.

Expectations.
The knowledge and skills that students are expected to develop and to demonstrate in their class work, on tests, and in various other activities on which their achievement is assessed. The new Ontario curriculum for Science and Technology identifies expectations for each grade from Grade 1 to Grade 8.

Fair test.
Investigation carried out under strictly controlled conditions to ensure accuracy and reliability of results. In a fair test, all variables are controlled except the one under investigation.

Food chain.
A sequence of feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.

Food web.
A network of feeding relationships in an ecosystem that develops because few organisms confine themselves to a single source of food.

Fossil fuel.
A fuel formed from the partially decomposed remains of plants and animals buried in the earth over an extremely long period of time (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas).

Frequency.
The number of cycles completed by a periodic quantity (e.g., a vibrating object) in a unit of time. Frequency is usually expressed as cycles per second.

Fulcrum.
The point of rotation of a lever. The fulcrum is also called the pivot.

Gear.
A rotating wheel-like object with teeth around its rim. A gear is used to transmit force to another gear with matching teeth.

Geothermal energy.
An energy source derived from the heat of the earth.

Habitat.
The area in which a species lives.

Hydraulic power.
Power that comes from the pressure of a liquid, usually oil. The liquid is forced through hoses to the area where the force is needed.

Hydraulics.
The study of pressure in liquids.

Input.
Anything that is put into a system. Sources of input include people, materials, and energy.

Insulation.
Material that does not conduct heat or electricity very well.

Lift.
Upward force on a forward-moving object that results when the air flow around the top of the object is faster than the air flow beneath it.

Linkage.
A system of levers used to transmit motion.

Load.
The weight of an object that is moved by a machine, or the resistance to movement that a machine has to overcome.

Mass.
The amount of matter in an object. Mass is usually measured in grams or kilograms.

Mass concentration.
The mass of solute dissolved in a given volume of solution. May be expressed in grams per millilitre or grams per litre.

Mechanical advantage.
The ratio of the force produced by a machine or system (sometimes called the load) to the force applied to the machine or system (sometimes called the effort force).

Mechanical mixture.
A mixture made up of two or more easily identifiable parts that can be easily separated, for example, a mixture of sand and iron filings.

Media works.
Forms of communication that include written or spoken words, sound, and/or pictures, such as brochures, posters, magazines, newspapers, documentary films, videos, advertisements, cartoons, commercials, news reports, nature programs, and travelogues. Audio elements include speech, music, background sounds, sound effects, volume, silence, narration, pace, and sequence of sounds. Compositional elements include form (structure), theme, setting, atmosphere, and point of view. Visual elements include lighting, colour, images, size and type of lettering, size of images, sequence of images, symbols, graphics, camera angles, logos, speed of presentation, shape of design, credits, details of sponsorship, animation, and live action.

Multi-media.
A variety of different media, such as written text, sound, graphics, and video.

Non-renewable energy sources.
Energy sources that are limited and that cannot be replaced once they are used up (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas).

Nucleus.
The control organelle of a living cell.

Organelle.
A structure within a cell that has a specific function.

Osmosis.
Diffusion of a solvent, usually water, through a selectively permeable membrane.

Output.
The actual result obtained from a system (e.g., the light that comes on when the light switch on an electrical system is pressed).

Pascal's law or principle.
A law that states that pressure exerted on a contained fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions throughout the fluid and perpendicular to the walls of the container.

Physical change.
A change of properties that does not change the type of substance.

Pitch.
The quality of a sound that is determined by the frequency of the wave. The term pitch is often substituted for the term frequency of vibration in reference to sound waves (e.g., in musical instruments).

Pneumatics.
The study of pressure in gases.

Population.
All of the members of one species found in a particular area at a particular time.

Pressure.
The force acting perpendicular to a unit area (pressure = force ÷ area).

Producer.
An organism that produces its own food. In an ecosystem, a producer is an organism that is capable of carrying out photosynthesis.

Qualitative data.
Information gathered in observations in which no measurement takes place.

Qualitative property.
A characteristic of a substance that can be described but not measured.

Quantitative data.
Data that consist of numbers and/or units of measurement. Quantitative data are obtained through measurement and through mathematical calculations.

Quantitative property.
A characteristic of a substance that can be measured.

Renewable energy sources.
Natural energy sources that can be replaced. For example, when trees are cut down for lumber, new trees can be planted in their place.

Saturated solution.
A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a particular temperature.

Scatter plot.
A graph that attempts to show a relationship between two variables by means of points plotted on a coordinate grid. Also called scatter diagram.

Scientific notation.
The writing of a number as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10 (e.g., in scientific notation, 58 000 000 is written 5.8 x 107).

Shear.
Two forces that act on an object in opposite directions along the same line or plane (e.g., the movement of the two blades of a pair of scissors).

SI.
The international system of measurement units, including such terms as centimetre and kilogram. (From the French Système international d'unités).

Solubility.
The property of being able to dissolve. More specifically, it refers to the mass of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent to form a saturated solution at a particular temperature.

Solute.
The substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution.

Solvent.
The substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution.

Stress.
Forces created inside a material or an object by other forces acting on it from the outside.

Structure.
A supporting framework (e.g., a bridge or building that is built to sustain a load).

Strut.
A part of a structure whose function is to resist compressive forces. It may also be said that a strut is "under compression".

Succession.
The slow, orderly, progressive replacement of one community by another during the development of vegetation in an area.

Survey.
A sampling of information, often compiled by asking people questions or interviewing them.

Sustainable development.
Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Table.
An orderly arrangement of facts set out for easy reference (e.g., an arrangement of numerical values in vertical or horizontal columns).

Tally chart.
A chart that uses tally marks to count data and record frequencies.

Tension.
A force that stretches an object.

Thrust.
Pushing power that is based on the principle that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Tie.
A part of a structure that is under tension.

Torque.
The product of a force and the perpendicular distance to a turning axis.

Torsion.
A force that causes an object to twist along its axis.

Triangulation.
A means of strengthening a structure that involves the use of the triangle as a strong, rigid shape.

Truss.
A structural element made up of a series of triangular frames.

Variable.
A factor that affects the results of an investigation. Variables are things that could change during an investigation or experiment (e.g., the amount of sunlight received by a plant).

Volume.
The amount of space occupied by an object. Volume is measured in cubic units such as cubic centimetres.

Wavelength.
The distance between the crests of a wave of light as it travels through space.

Weight.
The pull of gravity on an object. Unlike mass, weight changes with location.

HANDOUTS: NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT

LOTS OF USEFUL HANDOUTS ON THE TOPIC 'NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT'

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ICT IN ENGLISH - ARTICLE

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HEALTH

EXERCISES: HOME

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Effective use of ICTs in English

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Effective use of ICTs in English

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Despite the sensible approach to ICTs inherent in the Australian English Curriculum, many schools (and educators) are struggling to get the balance right.

The curriculum recognises that ICT capability is not the whole box and dice but one of seven important general capabilities that prepare students for a successful life in the digital age. So, what are some intelligent ways that ICTs are being used in English classrooms across the country?

Peter Gazzola, dean of eLearning at St Andrew’s Anglican College, Queensland, comments that online discussion boards have been “terrific for allowing reluctant writers and readers to engage in amazing debates they would not have had in normal classrooms ... students debate with other students and post questions which they follow up with the teacher in class”.

Garry Chapman, middle years’ curriculum coordinator at Ivanhoe Grammar School, Melbourne, explains that blogging can increase engagement and comprehension. In one instance, the blogging of a teacher and his class about an Australian novel resulted in an author making contact with the teacher and visiting the school. Critically, the class’s engagement and interest in reading improved.

In my own teaching, I’ve witnessed the power of digital technologies to improve key skills. Student comprehension of Shakespearean texts vastly improved when students were given the task of making short films that incorporated the Bard’s purple prose.

When engaging in studies of poetry, finding and explaining figurative language use in pop music chosen by students enhanced the appreciation and understanding of more classic texts. Moreover, the option of representing understandings in multi-modal forms like hyperlinked PowerPoints and Prezis has led not only to more engagement, but also to greater recall of technical English terms.

These examples highlight how ICTs enhance the study of traditional texts and traditional skills but can English studies be enhanced by the study of new digital texts?

The curriculum recognises a host of new text types, including websites, film clips, animations, blogs, wikis, computer games, eBooks, tween-mags, mockumentaries, mash ups, social networking and interactive narrative texts. Many text types here would be unfamiliar to English teachers and it is too convenient to dismiss these as ‘English Lite’. However uncomfortable as we might be about these texts, they’re not unsophisticated and they’re not impossible to teach.

Consider a website, for instance. Rather than being ‘lite’ it’s actually a very sophisticated text composed of many genres (recounts, advertising, autobiography, information report, instruction, persuasion) and many modes (visual, written and audio).

To study a text like a website, English teachers should proceed in the same manner they study a traditional text — by exploring the text’s main ideas, its structures and features and context of production and reception.

Once the new text is deconstructed, it becomes much easier to compare with other similar texts and students may then build their own versions. As new text types emerge, English teachers will need to learn about them alongside their students. But with a strong analytical method, we shall overcome.

As a teacher interested in new text types and ICTs, I have developed a curriculum design acronym (PREACCHR) useful for designing rich ICT based tasks in English.

PREACCHR stands for: Project work (create an ongoing, personalised task that can be displayed); Range (include a range of tasks for a range of learning styles); Engagement (make it fun, make it connect with students’ worlds); Authentic (ensure it’s real and relevant; assessable by others); Choice (enable students to choose passions/interests); Collaborate (allow students to work together and develop positive relationships); Higher order thinking (ensure the project deals with challenging ideas and concepts); Rigorous (construct challenging tasks with academic integrity).

The pedagogy of PREACCHR is based on the key principles of effective middle years’ teaching, but in my experience it works in secondary settings.

I’ve also found Dr Ruben Puentedura’s SAMR model for ICT integration useful for ensuring tasks involving ICT are progressive, sophisticated and student centred. SAMR stands for Substitution, Augmentation, Modification and Redefinition and each SAMR level represents progress in the use of ICT to foster learning.

So, where to from here? The Australian Curriculum, English asks us to embed ICT capability thoughtfully and authentically in our teaching and learning programs and consider a greater focus on new multimodal texts. But, to do ICTs and English really well, it’s also helpful to call on other general capabilities like critical and creative thinking — desperately needed by digital natives.

For example, English teachers are more likely to encounter instances of low critical literacy — students being duped by masses of misleading information — than poor ICT literacy or device competence.

So, we need to put in some work here. And although the critical and creative thinking capability is not as elegantly packaged as ICTs, and doesn’t have any slick slogans or PD junkets, it does have us — our lessons, our tasks, our stories and discussions.

SHOPPING VOCABULARY

FREE TIME IDIOMS

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10 IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS TO TALK ABOUT YOUR FREE TIME IN ENGLISH

Talking about free time is one of the first things we learn to do in a language. However, often the vocabulary we get in textbooks isn’t enough to understand native-speakers of English talking about how they spend their free time. This is because in casual conversation with friends, people often like to use expressions and idioms. Here are ten expressions and idioms that will help you explain what you do in your free time in English just like an native speaker.

Hang out at the mall

When friends hang out, it means they are relaxing and having fun together. The mall (shopping center) is the perfect place to hang out and chat with your friends. Hang out is a phrasal verb and the two words will have a different meaning if you separate them so make sure to keep them together. Put the place you are hanging out and the person you are hanging out with afterwards.

Catch some rays

Prefer the outdoors? Get outside and catch a few rays (enjoy the sunshine) at the beach. The beach or the park is the ideal place to enjoy the sun with people you know. Another similar expression is to sunbathe, which means to lie in the sun until you get a sun tan (your skin goes browner). Be careful to use sunscreen (cream to protect your skin) or you might get sunburnt!

Enjoy a cup of joe

Cafes are the perfect place to talk with your friends over a cup of joe. No – you don’t need a friend called Joe! A cup of joe is just a cup of coffee. Sometimes people call a cup of coffee a cup of Java and in the UK, people often call a cup of tea or coffee a cuppa.

Go window-shopping

This doesn’t mean that you are are shopping for windows! Window-shopping means looking through shop windows or browsing in stores without buying anything. A great way to have fun without spending money. Make sure you don’t get too tempted to buy things, though!

Shoot some hoops

The next time somebody asks you to go to the park and shoot some hoops, don’t worry, they just want to have a game of basketball with you! In the UK, where soccer is more popular than basketball, you couldgo for a kickaround (play soccer) with your friends.

Chow down at a fast-food joint

Chow down simply means to eat. A fast-food joint is a great place to have a pizza or a burger, and relax. We can use the word ‘joint’ to talk about other places to eat, too. If you don’t eat meat, you can go to aveggie (vegetarian) joint and if you don’t eat any animal products, you can go to a vegan joint.

Paint the town red!

It’s the weekend. Time to party! Go out with your friends and paint the town red! Red symbolizes fun and excitement. Painting the town red means to have a fun-filled night out. You might even pull an all-nighterand stay out for the whole night!

Catch a flick

If your friends ask you to the cinema to catch a flick, they are asking you to see a movie with them. You could also catch a play at the theater or catch a show downtown. Afterwards, you could catch a train, catch a bus or catch a cab to get home easily.

Keep it low-key

Planning a relaxing, quiet night at home with a small group of friends? Tell them you are having a low-key night. This is the opposite of going out and painting the town red.

Grab some munchies and hit the road

Get away on a car-trip with your friends. Don’t forget to grab some popcorn, candy, or other munchies (food, especially snacks). Once you have your snacks, it’s time to get out there and hit the road (start your journey)!

Now you have ten different free-time activities you can talk about in English, all that’s left to do is decide which one you are going to do this weekend!

ICT IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING

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ICT IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING

ICT IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING

I. INTRODUCTION

Now, ICT (Information and Communication Technology) has been used in almost all fields of life, including in education. In education, computer technology has become so essential that the government put ICT as one of the curriculum in Indonesia’s education. The utilization of ICT in education has recently started to appeal the potential and significant progress in language learning. It has become a major issue in education world and has been used from preschool through to university that could facilitate students and teacher in teaching and learning process. ICT has been publicized as potentially powerful enabling tools for educational change and reform. The computers play significant role in the learning process especially in learning language. As Hartoyo (2008) stated in his book, a computer is a tool and medium that facilitates people in learning a language, although the effectiveness of learning depends totally on the users. The technology in this era has been grown up not only from the quality but also the efficiency. They are moving fast without any limit from every product. The need of technological innovation has brought the communication revolution and rapid development of technological application in teaching and learning. This technology made contribution on improving language communication in Indonesia. Every school has used the ICT to facilitate the teacher to teach the students in the classroom. Many kinds of application that they use in the classroom improved and enhanced the better lesson.

Hartoyo (2008) also asserts that English language teaching has been shaped by the search for the ‘one best method’ of teaching the language. Regardless of whether the focus of instruction has been reading, the grammatical rules and vocabulary of the target language (e.g. Grammar Translation Method), speaking (how to communicate the target language such as Direct Method, Audio-Lingual Method, The Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Community Language, Communicative Approach), or other issues (e.g. The Total Physical Response Method), the attempts of the teaching profession have been shaped by a desire to find ‘a’ better way of teaching than the existing method. The latest method that is developing is Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Some experts and practitioners of education learning language in CALL, strongly supports the utilization of ICT in language learning to improve efficiency and effectiveness of learning that can improve the quality of understanding and mastery of the language studied. In other words, the integration of ICT in the field of language learning is inevitable known that the ICT and language learning are two aspects which support each other like two sides of the coin inseparable (Hartoyo, 2010). Fortunately, the use of Computer Assisted-Learning language (CALL) has increased noticeably by English teachers. Consideration of Computer Assisted Language Learning is using computer. This tool is flexible, rich and interactive. It is flexible in the term of time and place. It has also assumed that more than other media can encourage students in learning language. This is due to the computer’s ability to present material is more diverse ways than either book or video does. In addition, CALL is able to generate interaction and improve communicative competence, including providing authentic material to the class or self – learning. The method focuses in computer utilization to enhance language learning.

II. OBJECTIVES

The use of ICT in education is absolutely required. Integration of ICT in teaching and learning process is a topic of interest to many researchers, including education practitioners. Based on the use of ICT can be applied in three different scopes such as: curriculum, topics, and teaching eye. ICT also in terms of finding learning materials from original sources and recognized. In finding articles from international journals, the students can get it just by sitting in front of computers connected to the Internet network. All information about science can be presented in a short time just by using the Internet. Learning materials that have been obtained and copied and transferred to the USB, it can also be printed directly so that it can be used as learning materials. At the recent time teaching and learning are facilitated by computer has been the demand.

This essay proposes description to help the institution, teacher and student that the role of technology is being used to ease them to achieve the objective of education. Besides, it is aimed to introduce teacher and learner about the effect of technology in language teaching and learning. At the latest decades, technology becomes the most important things in which many people regard technology as the result of science. By the technology people are eased to accomplish the complicated and sophisticated problem. Since, the objective of  this essay are to describe ICT, the benefits of ICT, and explain how significant is the use of ICT in English language teaching and learninis making the difficult to be the easy done, people are helped to solve their problem.

III. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

English language is a necessity of for most people in today’s world, while technology development always has a very high and also contributed towards the development of education, especially English. As English is one of difficult lessons, teacher must create interactive teaching and learning to make students interest. In the history of the development of education, information technology is part of the medium used to convey the message of science to many people, ranging from printing technology a few centuries ago, such as printed books, such as telecommunications to media, voice recorded on tape, video, television, and CD. According to Kent “ICT in education point of view refers to “information and communication Technology (ICT) such as computers, communications facilities and features that variously support teaching, learning and a range of activities in education (QCA Schemes of Work for ICT in Kent Country Council. 2004). Moreover, the term information and Communications Technologies includes technologies in which the computer plays a central role, i.e. Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL), the internet, and variety of generic computer application (Fitzparick and Davies, 2002)

The development of information technology, the Internet, directs the history of educational technology in the new groove. Online services in the education of both degree and non-degree are basically providing educational services to users using the Internet as a medium. Online services can be composed of various stages of the process of educational programs such as: registration, test entry, payment, learning, case assignments, case discussions, exams, assessments, discussions, and announcements. Nothing the positive impact of various studies on the use of ICT to support learning in the school, it is a must if the school is not excessive in this country also have the prospect of a future that allows for deploying ICT in supporting learning and they are:

Electronic Books

Electronic book or e-book is one that utilizes computer technology to deliver multimedia information in the form of a compact and dynamic. In an” e-book can be integrated impressions” sound, graphics, images, animations, and” movie” so that the information presented is richer than conventional books. Type e-book of the simplest is a mere transfer of conventional books into electronic form displayed by the computer. With this technology, hundreds of books can be stored in a single piece of solid disc / CD” or” compact disk (capacity of about 700MB), DVD or digital versatile disc”” (capacity 4.7 to 8.5 GB) and ‘ ‘flash” (currently available capacity up to 16 GB). A more complex and require more rigorous designs such as the Encyclopedia Britannica and Microsoft Encarta encyclopaedia which is in multimedia format. Multimedia format allows e-book provides not only written information but also sound, images, movies and other multimedia elements. A description of the type of music, for example, can be accompanied by footage of the sound of music so that the user can clearly understand what is meant by the renderer.

E-learning

Various definitions can be found for the” e-learning”. Victoria L. Tinio, for example, states that” e-learning” includes learning at all levels, formal and informal, which uses a computer network (intranet and extranet) for the delivery of teaching materials, interaction, and / or facilitation. For most of the process of learning that takes place with the help of the Internet is often referred to as online learning. Broader definition proposed in the working paper SEAMOLEC, the e-learning is learning through electronic services. Although a variety of definitions but basically agreed that the e-learning is learning by using electronic technology as a means of presenting and distributing information. Included in the definition of educational television and radio broadcasts is a form of e-learning. Although radio and television education is a form of e-learning, it is generally agreed that e-learning reaches peak form after synergize with internet technology.

Internet-based learning or web-based learning in its simplest form is the” website” are used to present learning materials. This method enables learners to access learning resources provided by the speakers or facilitators whenever desired. If it is necessary that may also be provided mailing list specifically for the learning website that serves as a forum for discussion. E-learning facility” complete” provided by a special software called software or learning management LMS (learning management system). Current running LMS-based Internet technology so it can be accessed from anywhere over the available access to the internet. Facilities provided include the management of students or learners, learning materials management, learning management, including management of learning evaluation and management of communication between learners with facilitators.

This facility enables the learning activities are managed in the absence of face-to-face between the parties involved (administrators, facilitators, learners or learners). ‘Presence’ the parties involved are represented by e-mail, chat channel, or via video conference. In today’s era where information and communication technology is rapidly developed and turns to be a lifestyle for people throughout ages and places, its literacy has undoubtedly become a prior necessity. The sensitivity of the technology helps one in attending a more important task and in attaining a higher achievement in the area of education, professional career, and social relationship at which its literacy is a major requisite. ICT which stands for Information and Communication and Technology, is elaborated as follows.

a. ICT

ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receiving information electronically in a digital form. For example, personal computers, digital television, email, robots. So ICT is concerned with the storage, retrieval, manipulation, transmission or receipt of digital data. Importantly, it is also concerned with the way these different uses can work with each other.

• Information

Information means the processed data in a meaningful and purposeful form according to Shore in Hartoyo (2012:2)

• Communication

According to Potts, communication is defined as a process by which we assign and convey meaning in an attempt to create shared understanding. Brown (2011) stated communication is transfer of information from one person to another,whether or not it elicits confidence. But the information transferred must be understandable to the receiver.

• Technology

Technology derived from the word ‘techno’ which means technique, art or skill, and ‘logos’ which means science. Therefore, technology can be defined as a scientific knowledge of art or skill.

Based on the definitions of the three components, ICT as a whole can be described as the utility of technology to support the effort of conveying information and communication particularly in the area of education. The technique includes digital technologies mostly of electronic information – processing technologies, such as computers, internet, mobile phones, networks, broadband, and so on.

b. The benefits of ICT in general

ICT is found to be advantageous in several ways as mentioned by Herington (2002), (1) technology facilitates exposure to authentic language; (2) technology provides the access to wider sources of information and varieties of language; (3) technology gives the opportunity to people to communicate with the world outside; (4) technology allows a learner – centered approach; (5) technology develops learner’s autonomy. ICT help people in order to get information and to communicate each other in wider range.

c. ICT Tools in Language Context

There are some kinds of technologies classified into information and communication technology commonly used in language context, such as:

• Interactive multimedia

Interactive media is the integration of digital media including combinations of electronic text, graphics, moving images, and sound, into a structured digital computerized environment that allows people to interact with the data for appropriate purposes. The digital environment can include the Internet, telecoms and interactive digital television. (Finney, 2011:2)

• Computer

Computer can be utilized with other multimedia learning devices or it can stand alone (a standard PC) and still serves its basic purpose as an electronic medium of language learning. (Hartoyo, 2012:29).

Computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) and performing a sequence of logical operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instruction (program) to produce results in the form of information or signals based on Oxford dictionary. It is consist of CPU, monitor, keyboard and some other apparatus.

• Audio devices

Audio devices can be used with other media to form an interactive multimedia. However, it can also be utilized separately as independent tool. Audio devices include speaker, earphone, CD, and etc.

• Internet

Internet can be used as a medium of language learning through email, www (world wide web), text, audio and video conferencing.

• Television

According to Oxford dictionary, television is a system for converting visual images (with sound) into electrical signals, transmitting them by radio or other means, and displaying them electronically on a screen.

• Telephone

This telephone medium has not been widely used for language teaching because of the poor quality of analogue transmissions. However, there is new invent of digital quality and lower connection cost which potential for conference calls.

• Mobile gadget

Mobile gadgets such as cell phone and smart phone which are equipped with programs like computer, which enable it to perform as mini personal computer. By using this gadget and its internet connection, everybody could enjoy chatting, browsing, and discuss each other with the wider range. The advancement of science and technology makes the size and price of those gadgets are getting cheaper and reachable.

• Social interface

This media provides facility or example that enables an interaction between human and computer. People set up more interaction with computer in a more intuitive way with less effort-through writing, voice, touch, eye movements, and other gestures. (Hartoyo,2012:34) This technology serves as the milestone of the recent development of interactive multimedia, audio-graphic computer teleconference, and interactive television via satellite (National Broadband of Employment, Education and Training, 1993:5).

• Interactive whiteboard

An interactive whiteboard or IWB, is a large interactive display (such as a touch screen monitor) which is connected to a computer and projector. A projector projects the computers’ desktop onto the board’s surface, where users control the computer using a pen, finger or other devices.

d. Current application of ICT in English language teaching and learning

ICT defined as technology which the function is to support the process of conveying information and communication. The ways of conveying information doesn’t have to be carried out directly between the communicator and the communicant. The development of ICT makes the process of communication between the communicator and the communicant can be conveys in easy ways. They can communicate through telephone, internet, e-mail, satellite, television, video conference and so on. The process of those communications applies in language learning. In language learning, there is a communication between teacher and student. The process of learning is not always carried out by subjecting teacher and students in the certain room or a certain place directly. As the example, teacher can use internet as the medium to give lessons, assignments, or other information to their students.

In context of language learning, ICT has an important role as the “media” bridging and enabling the learning process, or direct communication between students and teacher although they are not present in the same room or place in certain time. Language learning program can be created to enable students to learn the lessons with guidance, instruction, information or further explanation. ICT in language learning used as a reference-book. Computer can store unlimited lessons or references, which can be accessed anytime, anywhere and accurately. Fitzpatrick and Davies (2002) in Hartoyo (2012) sets out the seven ways in which ICT used in language learning:

a) Presentation

Some material of language learning such as text-based materials, audio-video needs to present to the learners. Presentation helps learners in understanding the learning material well.

b) Practice

Some of different exercises types are possible to be provided with ICT, incorporating the presentation stimuli in varying combinations of text, audio and video format. ICT also offers the possibility of the analyzing learners’ responses with appropriate feedback.(Hartoyo, 2012:40)

c) Authoring

In applying ICT in language learning, teacher can either purchase ready-made materials or create their own exercise materials using a variety of authoring tools based on Hartoyo (2012:40).

d) Computer-Aided Assessment (CAA)

Computer-Aided Assessment (CAA) is playing an increasingly important role in foreign language teaching and learning. This media used to testing and assessing students understanding after learning some courses.

e) Publishing

ICT tools exist to help teachers and learners or students to publishing or linked in their work in a local area network. ICT may use by the teacher and learners to help them publish their work in these ways:

• Word – processors and Desk Top Publishing (DTP) software
• Doing audio recording and editing tools to record interview, discussions, learning material and etc
• Using digital camera and camcorder to record presentations, drama, role play, and so on
• Power point can be used as the medium to publish presentations
• Web pages using web authoring tools

f) Communications

Technology can help learners and teachers to communicate with another. Some ICT tools which can use as the medium of information are: 1) Email, which allows language learners to communicate with ‘web pals’ in other countries; 2) Tandem learning; 3) computer mediated discussion; 4) web-based learning environment; 5) audio conferencing; 6) Video Conferencing.

g) Simulations

The computer can act as a stimulus which generates analysis, critical thinking, discussion and writing. Program which include simulations are especially effective as stimuli. Examples of language learning tasks which ‘simulate’ real world tasks are : 1) Web Quest; 2) Action Mazes; 3) Adventure games; 4) Sunpower; 5) Expodisc; 6) “Real-life” simulations; 7) video conference.

IV. ANALYSIS

ICT appears to give both advantages and disadvantages. ICT in language learning reduces the intimacy of students – teacher relationship that it may negatively contributes to students affective feelings in the process of learning. However, ICT appears as a ‘bridge’ to break the distance and ‘survive’ the learning. In case of distance, teachers can use ICT through video conference to enable them teach or monitor the students learning process. Therefore, the development of ICT is seen as a better way of teaching and learning a certain language compared to the existing methods. Through the internet, teacher or learners can obtain as many as possible sources related to the learned – language; such as text, songs, stories, etc. Those sources can contribute as models of the learned – language use in the real context and in a proper manner. In addition, computer can also be used as a more interactive aid to support the learning of language compared to that of tape recorder, or chalk and blackboard. However, you can see that many of the technology solutions available in the world of education can lead to confusion among the teachers on how to choose the right ICT technology solutions. Let’s take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of ICT tools for education and finding a suitable ICT education solution for the needs of the school.

Advantages:

1. The information required will be more quickly and easily accessible for educational purposes.
2. Innovation in learning is growing in the presence of e-learning innovations that further facilitate the educational process.
3. Progress of ICT will also allow the development of virtual classroom or classroom-based teleconference that does not require the educator and learners are in one room.
4. System administration in an institution will be more easily and smoothly because of the application of ICT systems.

Disadvantages:

1. Progress of ICT will also occur of violation of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) for the easy access to the data that is causing people plagiatis will commit fraud.
2. Although the system of the administration of an educational institution like a system without a gap, but if there is a recklessness in running the system would be dangerous.
3. One of the negative impact of television is to train children to think short and survive concentrated in a short time (short span of attention).

V. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION

ICT is a form of advanced science technology must be optimized function, especially in the implementation of learning. ICT provides opportunities for students in the era of global competition needs to obtain adequate supplies. through innovative ICT-based learning can provide vast opportunities for students to hone and promote competence on an international scale. On the other hand, mental attitude and self-reliance in accessing any information necessary learning independently influence the value teaching student’s character it does not always depends with others. Mastering current tick is necessity for every human being inedible age. as well as in education, innovative learning, especially learning can be done by using the Internet to generate device-based learning ICT